Writing is an important skill for language production. However, it is considered a difficult skill, particularly in English as a second language (ESL) contexts where students face many challenges in writing. Therefore, the present study was conducted with an aim to investigate problems in Pakistani undergraduate ESL learners' writing and factors that hinder their writing skills. It also aimed at obtaining suggestions on how to improve Pakistani ESL learners' writing skills. For this purpose, focus groups of Pakistani English language teachers'and undergraduate ESL learners were conducted. Writing samples were also collected from 30 ESL undergraduate learners to find the major [...]

The purpose of this paper is to measure the impact of HRM on teachers' performance in the context of Pakistan. Impact of HRM practices on teachers' performance has been an under-researched area in Pakistan. For the human development of any society the major share of responsibility lies with the teachers of that society, so in this study, we have investigated how HR practices affect the teachers' performance. We proposed a mediation model in which monitoring acts as a mediating mechanism to transmit the positive effects of HR practices on teachers' performance. Therefore teachers' performance is an issue that if addressed [...]

Code-Switching is generally defined as a shift from one language to another by the speaker during the speech. It is a common linguistic phenomenon in Pakistani classrooms. It is considered to have both positive and negative impact. This exploratory study investigated the perceptions of Pakistani students towards teachers' code-switching during English lectures at tertiary level. Students have different attitudes towards code-switching of teachers in classroom. There is a need to investigate whether it is beneficial or malevolent to switch between two codes in an English classroom and how the students view this alternation between codes. The researchers employed 5-point Likert [...]

This study examines the level of financial literacy in Pakistan. Financial literacy (or financial knowledge) is characteristically an input to assess the requirement for financial education and explain changes in financial outcomes. The study reveals that the individuals, who have the more financial knowledge, usually save more. It is inevitable for investors and the general public that they possess sufficient knowledge and awareness about how financial institutions and markets work; types of risks and expected return, that subsequently is fruitful for the growth of the economy. The results show that 1) middle-aged and older people are careful in spending their [...]

The purpose of this study is to explore the vital factors that influence teacher's intention to use technology in higher education. PLS-SEM has been used to analyze the data collected from 201 business university teachers. The study strives to examine the impact of eight variables i.e. Performance expectancy, Effort Expectancy, Social influence, facilitating conditions, individual self-efficacy, human assisted self-efficacy, Computer Anxiety and attitude on teacher's intention to use technology using the technology acceptance model of Unified Theory of Acceptance and Usage of Technology. The empirical findings revealed that the social influence, facilitating conditions, individual self- efficacy and attitude have [...]

This paper investigates the levels of oral communication anxiety of undergraduate engineering students in Pakistan. The data was collected from four departments of the university. \citeA{mccroskey1978} oral Communication Apprehension (OCA) Survey Instrument was adopted for this study. The questionnaire was translated into Urdu (National Language of Pakistan) to make it clear to respondents. The data analysis revealed 18\% of the sample had a high level of oral communication apprehension, 66\% faced an average level of oral communication apprehension and 16\% were in a low level of oral communication apprehension. This study also discloses that there is no significant difference in [...]

Firefighting is a fundamentally stressful occupation that relies heavily on organized teamwork and effective coping. Traditional stress frameworks including Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, have rarely incorporated team dynamics as integral mechanisms in stress regulation. This study extends this model by examining the mediating roles of teamwork and coping strategies such as problem-focused, emotion-focused and avoidance coping in the relationship between cognitive appraisal and occupational stress among firefighters. The study employed a quantitative, cross-sectional design while data were collected from 400 professional firefighters aged 25–60 years, each with at least five years of operational service experience across nine divisions [...]

This study investigates the effect of foreign language on undergraduate academic achievement in Istanbul, Turkey. It demonstrates that deficient language abilities, an inadequate curriculum, and uncooperative instructors all lead to poor academic achievement. The study used a mixed method approach, with questionnaires and semi-structured interviews conducted at five Istanbul institutions. According to the findings, students struggle to grasp lectures, are stressed, and experience psychological and emotional hazards such as test failure, anxiety, and scholarship loss.[...]

This study examines how teacher experience and use of artificial intelligence (AI) together shape student outcomes in K–12 education. It responds to growing interest in technology?driven personalization and the need to understand which teachers benefit most from AI tools. Using a quantitative, descriptive survey design, the research focuses on 50 teachers from five Government Higher Secondary Schools in District Swabi, selected through multistage sampling. Data were collected using a self?developed 24?item questionnaire on a five?point Likert scale and analyzed through descriptive statistics, inferential tests, and multivariate techniques, including cluster analysis. Findings show a positive but modest [...]

In an age of tremendous social change and intellectual difficulties, it is essential to comprehend the complex relationships between the development of moral identity based on spirituality, and resilience. This study examines the connection between spirituality, resilience and moral identity among university students. In order to determine the relationships between the three essential research components, this study employed a quantitative and correlational design. N=222 university students between 19–26 years were selected via convenient sampling. The research incorporates three scales: the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES), the Moral Identity Questionnaire (MIQ), and the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). Descriptive and inferential techniques [...]

In educational institutions, leadership plays a key role in fostering learning cultures for both teachers and students. This piece of research work intended to explore the challenges encounter by educational leadership in creating learning culture for their faculty in higher education institutes. The study founded on the assumption that educational leaders encourage their faculty to develop learning culture not only for students but also for their faculty , an atmosphere that inspires work-place learning and where both gaining and sharing professional knowledge are prioritized and valued. The effectiveness of educational leadership for developing learning culture in higher education was rarely discussed. [...]

This qualitative study investigates the role of teacher support in enhancing student motivation and academic performance at the university level, conducted at the University of Gwadar, Balochistan, Pakistan. Gwadar is a port city located on the southwestern coast of Pakistan, in the province of Baluchistan. Focusing on a small-scale sample of five university teachers, the research explores the transformative potential of consistent and inconsistent teacher support in influencing students’ academic engagement and success. Data were collected through in-depth, in-person interviews and analyzed thematically to understand the impact of teacher behavior, communication styles, and various forms of academic and emotional support. [...]

Writing is an important skill for language production. However, it is considered a difficult skill, particularly in English as a second language (ESL) contexts where students face many challenges in writing. Therefore, the present study was conducted with an aim to investigate problems in Pakistani undergraduate ESL learners' writing and factors that hinder their writing skills. It also aimed at obtaining suggestions on how to improve Pakistani ESL learners' writing skills. For this purpose, focus groups of Pakistani English language teachers'and undergraduate ESL learners were conducted. Writing samples were also collected from 30 ESL undergraduate learners to find the major [...]

The purpose of this paper is to measure the impact of HRM on teachers' performance in the context of Pakistan. Impact of HRM practices on teachers' performance has been an under-researched area in Pakistan. For the human development of any society the major share of responsibility lies with the teachers of that society, so in this study, we have investigated how HR practices affect the teachers' performance. We proposed a mediation model in which monitoring acts as a mediating mechanism to transmit the positive effects of HR practices on teachers' performance. Therefore teachers' performance is an issue that if addressed [...]

There is a growing problem of waste management faced by developing countries. Karachi is the biggest city of Pakistan having a population of approximately 24 million. Statistics indicate that on a daily basis, about 12,000 tons of solid waste is generated in Karachi alone, of which forty percent can be found on the city streets. Improper management of solid waste is causing the spread of infectious diseases and environmental pollution. This study examines how the solid waste management process is implemented in Karachi and the challenges faced by the responsible authorities. Solid waste management combines all activities performed in [...]

Teachers' practices of achievement tests design have not been systematically explored in context. The current qualitative case study investigated the teachers' perceptions and practices of designing and using achievement tests at elementary level (Grade VII and VIII). The participants were four science teachers selected from two schools. Data was collected mainly by conducting semi-structured telephonic interviews and document collection. The findings revealed that teachers' practices of test design were not linked with their existing perceptions. There were no explicit criteria of achievement test design and using the assessment evidence. The findings also showed limited knowledge of achievement test design among [...]

Code-Switching is generally defined as a shift from one language to another by the speaker during the speech. It is a common linguistic phenomenon in Pakistani classrooms. It is considered to have both positive and negative impact. This exploratory study investigated the perceptions of Pakistani students towards teachers' code-switching during English lectures at tertiary level. Students have different attitudes towards code-switching of teachers in classroom. There is a need to investigate whether it is beneficial or malevolent to switch between two codes in an English classroom and how the students view this alternation between codes. The researchers employed 5-point Likert [...]

The present study investigates the role of smartphone usage, self-regulation, general self-efficacy and cyber loafing on university student's smartphone addiction and its impact on students' academic achievement. The data has been collected from 453 students of a private sector higher education institute of Pakistan through an online questionnaire. The results of the study indicated that both smartphone usage and cyber loafing positively and significantly affects smartphone addiction. The effect of self-regulation was negative but significant on smartphone addiction and cyber loafing. Moreover, the effect of general self-efficacy on cyber loafing was positive and significant. However, smartphone addiction has no significant [...]