Digital Elevation Model (DEM) represents a very important geospatial data type in the analysis and modelling of different hydrological and ecological phenomenon which are required in preserving our immediate environment. DEMs are typically used to represent terrain relief. DEMs are particularly relevant for many applications such as lake and water volumes estimation, soil erosion volumes calculations, flood estimate, quantification of earth materials to be moved for channels, roads, dams, embankment etc. In this study, three different sources of spatial data in the generation of DEMs (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission SRTM 30, Digitized Topographical map and Google Earth Pro.) were [...]

This paper presents an introduction to cloud computing and its applications. Cloud computing is a model where users can gain access to their applications from anywhere through their connected devices. A survey of its architecture and latest trends is also presented [...]

Our focus of this paper is to discuss a method to determine the dynamics of two different continental plates, using GPS signals. The continental plates that are selected for the analysis are N.American and S.American plates. To determine the dynamics or plate movements, navigational signals of GPS are used. Access was made possible by Onsala Space Research Laboratories, Sweden [1]. Data from GPS measurements are observed for a time span of about eight to ten years. Second part of this paper deals with the use of GPS signals to help us measure the change in the troposphere. Thus [...]

This paper deals with the implementation of a coverage path planning algorithm for automated exploration of a known 2D world. The coverage path planning is the determination of set of goal points in the map, the robot must take in order to cover the entire environment. In this paper, segmentation based Boustrophedon Coverage algorithm is implemented and it is found that segmentation based implementation has certain advantages over classical implementation of Boustrophedon algorithm. The classical implementation is based on connectivity of a vertical sweeping line for determining obstacles in the environment. The Boustrophedon Decomposition is basically a generalization of the [...]

Simulators are the most dominant and eminent tool for analyzing and investigating different type of networks. The simulations can be executed with less cost as compared to largescale experiment as less computational resources are required and if the simulation model is carefully designed then it can be more practical than any well brought-up mathematical model. Generally P2P research is based on the principle of simulate first and then experiment in the real world and there is no reason that simulation results cannot be reproducible. A lack of standard documentation makes verification of results harder as well as due to such [...]

The work presented in this paper demonstrates a method to obtain an inverse function of a trained neural network by connecting it with a PID controller in a close loop. This scheme is implemented to predict a process parameter controlling the efficiency of a compact axial flow gas liquid separator (I-SEP). The data is taken from an experimental study of I-SEP (compact separator) with air-water two phase flow. It was found during these experiments that by manipulating the pressure difference between the two outlets of separator and the inlet, the performance parameter i.e. Gas Carry-Under (GCU) and Liquid Carry-Over [...]

During WoT, one of the biggest challenges raised on borders of India, Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan (IPIA) is the horrible damages to Allied Forces by ambushing convoys for fuel supply. Such a failure of manual system of defense fleet due to security breaches (under the most advanced surveillance by DRONE aircrafts) has been burgeoning alarms for the joint struggle. In this paper, we analyze the problem and design a new automated fleet maintenance system for a defense organization of the country. We observe during testing phase that minimizing human interactions (i.e. less human resource) in the fleet system makes [...]

Single frequency GNSS receivers are the most widely used tools for tracking, navigation and georeferencing around the world. It is estimated that over 75% of all GNSS receivers used globally are single frequency receivers and users experience positioning error due to the ionosphere. To enable GNSS Single Frequency Precise Point Positioning (SFPPP), accurate a-priory information about the ionosphere is needed. The variation of the ionosphere is larger around the magnetic equator and therefore depends on latitude, it will be expected that SFPPP works better on latitude further from the magnetic equator. This present study aims to investigate the accuracy of [...]

The decay of the grid-generated turbulence has been investigated numerically by solving the time-dependent threedimensional Navier-Stokes equations with k-? turbulence model for a compressible fluid. Turbulence grids are placed in the shock tube to generate shock induced turbulence in the wake of the grid plate. All turbulent fluctuations are computed along the longitudinal distance in the wake of the grid plate in the shock tube and it is observed that the decay of the turbulence and the decay of Turbulence Kinetic Energy (TKE) level are accelerated along the downstream direction and the percentage of decay depends on the strength of [...]

The study compares the use of bio-aggregates from rattan, wood and bamboo as coarse aggregate in concrete. Also reinforced concrete short columns were made where the above mentioned coarse aggregates were used having bamboo and rattan as reinforcement. Full study was conducted by OPC, ASTM Type-1, sand of a constant fineness modulus (FM) of 2.79 and water–cement ratio of 0.485. Curing of samples was done for 28 days and crushing was performed after 56 days. The highest and lowest compressive stress was found in the concrete where coarse aggregate was rattan and bamboo respectively. The compressive strength of [...]

In commercial wireless communication system, most radios operate in time division duplex (TDD) mode that cannot transmit and receive at the same time in the same frequency band. We present a type of Gaussian degraded relay channel with nodes using light radios.The achievability of Gaussian degraded light relay channel is proved by using superposition encoding and successive decoding techniques. The converse is derived using the min-cut max-flow theorem for networks with light nodes. Our work of capacity analysis shows that even with light radios, our technique of coding is beneficial and has the advantage of capacity over direct transmission. [...]

Climate monitoring, prediction and research have become a core pillar of the global response to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Improved accuracy about the pace of change and better definition of uncertainty levels improves policy definition and may accelerate a global consensus. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), along other international organizations, sponsor the Global Climate Observation System (GCOS). GCOS supports the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Operationally, the GCOS has identified 44 Essential Climate Variables (ECV) as being essential to understanding the climate change process and developing the appropriate mitigation [...]

The generation, characteristics and energy potential of municipal solid waste for power generation in Nigeria is presented in this paper. Nigeria generates 0.44-0.66 kg/capita/day of MSW resulting in a waste density of 200-400 kg/m3characterised by organic and inorganic sources.The direct burning of this wastes as a waste management option in the open air at elevated temperatures liberates heat energy, inert gases and ash which can be conveniently used for power generation where the net energy yield depends upon the density and composition of the waste; relative percentage of moisture and inert materials, size and shape of the [...]

Due to the power crisis in Pakistan there is a growing market of small household generators ranging from 2-3 KVA which can handle the load of a small house comprising of a few fans, lights, a computer and a TV. These generators are cheap and come equipped with a self-start mechanism built into the generator. On the push of a button, the user can start the generator easily. In the cities, normally these generators are used for a short period of time when the power from the grid is not available. When the power from the grid is not available [...]

P2P networking has become a promising technology and has achieved popularity as a mechanism for users to share files without the need for centralized servers. The rapid growth of P2P networks beginning with Kaza, Lime wire, Napsters, Edonkey, Gnutella etc makes them an attractive target to the creators of viruses and other security threats. This paper describes the major security issues on P2P networks (Viruses and worms) and presents the study of propagation mechanisms. In particular, the paper explores different P2P viruses and worms, their propagation methodology, outlines the challenges, and evaluates how P2P worms affect the network. The experimental [...]

This paper presents a novel approach towards the designing and development of a feasible and an embedded vehicle intrusion and theft control system using GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) and GPS (Global Positioning System). The proposed system uses GSM technology as one of the distinguishing building blocks of the system. A GPS module Holux GR89 is used to trace the position of the vehicle and Mercury Switches are used to collect analog data continuously, in case of an intrusion, variations will be observed in sensors reading. Continuous readings from sensors are collected on to the microcontroller constantly and on [...]

In the world of today, a major change in technology can be seen as an advantage, a number of different fields from industrial & communication to household application can be automatically controlled. This paper presents a building management system (BMS) that has been designed for Iqra University using AT89C52, which is the key module in order to perform the controlling and automation. The main area of this BMS focuses on switching and controlling of the power input/output, beside this security and HVAC process has also kept as a main concern in this system. [...]